{"product_id":"the-water-business-second-edition","title":"The Water Business: Second Edition","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"main_container_row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"main-container container\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"row\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"col-sm-9\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"region region-content\"\u003e\n\u003csection id=\"block-system-main\" class=\"block block-system clearfix\"\u003e\n\u003carticle id=\"node-14498\" class=\"node node-product node-promoted node-full clearfix\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"field field-name-field-product-isbn field-type-text field-label-above\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"field-label\"\u003eIn the last two decades, the environment in which water suppliers operate has changed dramatically. The Southwest endured the longest drought in centuries. São Paulo, Latin America’s largest city, almost ran out of water due to drought.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"field-label\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"field-label\"\u003eA hurricane knocked out the water system in Asheville, NC. And, Thames Water, the largest water and wastewater utility in Great Britain, teetered on the brink of bankruptcy. Global climate change not only produces severe storms, droughts and deluges but also puts stress on water operators.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"field-label\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"field-label\"\u003eThe water and wastewater industry will have to overcome more severe challenges, some due to past industry inaction, but more due to natural and economic conditions over which it has no control. As Dorothy put it, “Toto, I’ve a feeling we’re not in Kansas anymore.”\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"field-label\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"field-label\"\u003eThe book’s title tells it all: The Water Business, a business being (more or less) an organization (government or private) that produces a product or service which it sells to customers.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"field-label\"\u003eIt is a relatively short handbook or primer on how the industry is organized, how it acquires and treats and sells the product, the natural resources it uses, its customers, how it prices the product, how it raises money, social consequences of water policy and the new landscape that will make the business more exciting and challenging than it has been in two centuries.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"field-label\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"field-label\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"field-label\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDetails and Features:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"field-label\"\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003eAUTHOR: LEONARD HYMAN\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eISBN: 979-8-3507-3059-3\u003cbr\u003e7 x 10 inches\u003cbr\u003ePaperback\u003cbr\u003e334 pages\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"field-label\"\u003e2nd ed. (c) 2026\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"field-label\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Preface xii\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003ePART ONE: THE BIG PICTURE\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e1\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e1\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe Big Picture \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e 3\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003ePART TWO: WATER BASICS\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e13\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e2\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eDefinitions\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e15\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e3\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eOrganization, Regulation and Finance\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e28\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003ePART THREE: OPERATIONS\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e37\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e4\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWater Operations\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e39\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e5\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWastewater Operations \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e51\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e 6\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSupply, Demand and Suppliers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e57\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003ePART FOUR: DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e75\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e7\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe Old World\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e77\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e8\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe Eastern United States \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e83\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e9\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWestern Water\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e98\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e10\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePrivate Water Companies \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e118\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e11\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWater and Health\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e127\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e12\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFederal Regulation\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e136\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003ePART FIVE: REGULATION, PRICING AND ECONOMICS\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e147\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e13 \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePublic Utility Regulation\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e149\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e14\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe Ratemaking Process \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e154\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e15\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eRate of Return\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e167\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e16\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWater Economics and Tariffs \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e181\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e17\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWater Rights and WaterTrading \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e198\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003ePART SIX: CORPORATE ORGANIZATION, \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eFINANCING AND ACCOUNTING\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e209\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e18\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBasics of  Organization and Finance \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e211\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e19\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eIncome Statement\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e224\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e20\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBalance Sheet\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e232\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e21\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCash Flows \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e242\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e22\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFinancial Analysis of Debt\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e252\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e23\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFinancial Analysis of Common Stock\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e262\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e24\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAssessing Results \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e283\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003ePART SEVEN: MOVING FORWARD\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e293\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e25\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eForm Follows Function\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e295\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e26\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eChallenges and Opportunities\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e311\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eChapter\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e27\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe Road Ahead\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e320\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Index 326\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eList of Tables\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 1-1. Monthly expenditures for average family. 9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 3-1. Revenue requirements example ($). 34\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 4-1. Water company price and cost comparisons (2020). 49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 6-1. World water inventory (%) 57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 6-2. World fresh water inventory (excluding ice) (km3 and %). 58\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 6-3. Estimated residential water use per day (gallons per capita). 61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 6-4. Average daily water use in the United States (billions of gallons). 62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 6-5. Average daily use of groundwater in the United States (billions of gallons). 63\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 6-6. Irrigated acreage and water use per acre. 64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 6-7. Water use per capital (gallons per day). 65\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 6-8. Water usage and economic indicators (1900-2020). 67\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 6-9. Size and number of water systems. 68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 6-10. Bottled water market in the U.S.A. 70\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 8-1. Water supply in Philadelphia. 90\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 10-1. Large private water companies (2020). 124\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 11-1. Water-related diseases. 133\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 11-2. Climate impact on water-related diseases. 134\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 14-1. Water utility assets at end of year. 156\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 14-2. Liabilities and capital at year end. 156\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 14-3. Revenues and expenses for year. 157\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 14-4. Cost of capital calculation (%). 158\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 14-5. Construction work in progress not in rate base. 162\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 14-6. Construction work in progress in rate base. 163\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 15-1. Similar companies with different finances. 168\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 15-2. Hypothetical returns. 170\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 15-3. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eAverage return on rate base and equity allowed in rate cases \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eand corporate bond yields (%) by five year periods.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e177\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e16-1.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCosts of production for competitive firm ($).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e186\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 16-2. Cost of production for water supplier ($). 189\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 16-3. Selected unmetered water and wastewater tariffs in New York City. 195\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 16-4. Selected water billing rates in San Diego. 196\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 16-5. Sewer billing rates in San Diego. 197\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 17-1. Primary water trading regions in the West. 202\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 18-1. Universal Water in normal and recessionary conditions. 217\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 18-2. Cash flows for A and B ($). 221\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 19-1. Consolidated statement of income for investor-owned utility. 227\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 19-2. Statement of revenue and expense for government-owned utility. 230\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 20-1. Investor-owned water company balance sheet. 234\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 20-2. Government-owned water utility balance sheet. 238\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 21-1. Cash flow statement for investor-owned utility. 245\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 21-2. Government-owned utility cash flow statement. 248\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 22-1. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eFinancial and operating data for debt analysis of hypothetical municipal \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eand investor-owned water utilities ($ millions unless otherwise stated).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e255\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 22-2. Replace old plant with new (current $). 259\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 22-3. Add new plant to old (current $). 260\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 23-1. Operational and financial data. 266\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 23-2. Operations analysis. 268\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 23-3. Sources of funds used in construction. 274\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 24-1. Monthly water and wastewater bills for 2023. 285\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 24-2. Municipal water and wastewater utilities (median values). 287\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 24-3. Yields, ratios and returns (1965-1999) (%). 288\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 24-4. Yields, ratios and returns (2000-2023) (%). 289\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 25-1. Breaking up the industry by service offerings. 298\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 26-1. Challenges to the water and wastewater industries. 312\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 26-2. Opportunities (as seen by Mueller Water Products and Xylem). 317\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eList of Figures\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 1-1. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eCapital spending for water and wastewater (millions of 1967 dollars) \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eby five year periods (1916-1920 to 2016-20). \u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e5\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 1-2. Projected precipitation patterns due to climate change. 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 1-3. Malware infections (millions). 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 1-4. Real water prices and family income in the USA (1985=100). 10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 2-1. The hydrological cycle. 19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 2-2. Aquifers in the United States. 20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 2-3. The Ogallala Aquifer. 21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 2-4. Watershed. 22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 2-5. Watersheds of North America. 23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 2-6. Wells. 25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 3-1. Water and wastewater (sewage) systems. 29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 4-1. Water treatment. 42\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 4-2. Water pressure. 44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 4-3. Simple waters system. 46\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 4-5. Denver water system. 47\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 4-6. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eAnnual annual water and wastewater bill for residential customers \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003ein 30 cities by quintile (2019) ($).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e50\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 5-1. Wastewater (sewer) system. 53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 5-2. Seven steps for sewage treatment. 54\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 5-3. Primary- Secondary-Tertiary. 55\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 6-1. World hydrological cycle (103  km3  per year). 59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 6-2. Annual precipitation in the Continental United States (inches). 60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 6-3. Water usage, consumptive use and real gross domestic product (1900=100). 66\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 8-1. New York City Water System. 85\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 9-1. The Hundredth Meridian. 99\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 9-2. Five weather regions in the Continental United States. 101\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 9-3. Southern California water. 108\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 10-1. Water industry consolidation. 126\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 15-1. Market risk vs actual market return (example). 174\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 15-2. Allowed returns vs interest rates (%). 176\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 15-3. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eAverage allowed rates of return on rate base and equity \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eand corporate bond yields by five year periods (%).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e178\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 16-1. Supply and demand diagram. 183\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 16-2. Water supply and demand. 184\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 16-3. Fixed and variable costs ($). 187\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 16-4. Variable and marginal costs per unit produced ($). 187\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 16-5. Optimal production point. 188\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 16-6. Fixed and variable costs or hypothetical water supplier ($). 190\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 16-7. Water supplier average and marginal cost and price per unit ($). 191\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 16-8. Hourly water usage example (gallons). 192\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 16-9. Use of reservoir during off peak and on peak periods. 194\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 17-1. Most active water trading regions in West. 203\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 17-2. California water trade prices ($\/acre foot). 204\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 18-1. Universal Water. 215\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 23-1. York Water 2022 Annual Report. 269\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 24-1. Water costs for households in USA (1965=100). 284\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 25-1. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eEstimated price of water by ownership of utility and \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003epopulation of service area (2023 $).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e301\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 25-2. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003ePrice and operating costs for publicly owned water suppliers \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eby size of population served (2023 $\/ thousand gallons).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e305\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/article\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Public Utilities Reports, Inc.","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46167483449541,"sku":null,"price":119.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0020\/3358\/2145\/files\/WaterBusinesscoverspread_d4a42636-5813-4efb-9ea8-f5b408dca3d8.jpg?v=1777738002","url":"https:\/\/www.purinc.com\/products\/the-water-business-second-edition","provider":"PUR Books (Formerly a Division of Public Utilities Reports, Inc)","version":"1.0","type":"link"}